James C. Scott

Centralized planning frequently leads to a loss of diversity and adaptability in social systems.

From Seeing Like a State

Local knowledge is often marginalized in favor of abstract models that claim to represent reality.

From Seeing Like a State

To see like a state is to impose a uniformity that often disregards the diverse realities of human existence.

From Seeing Like a State

The ability to see like a state can lead to disastrous outcomes when it ignores local contexts.

From Seeing Like a State

The tension between state power and local autonomy is a recurring theme in the study of governance.

From Seeing Like a State

The arrogance of the state is manifested in its belief that it can redesign society according to its own rationality.

From Seeing Like a State

State simplifications tend to overlook the rich, practical knowledge embedded in local practices.

From Seeing Like a State

The state often seeks to impose its vision without understanding the existing fabric of society.

From Seeing Like a State

The failure of large-scale social planning is often attributed to the inability of planners to see the complexities of local societies.

From Seeing Like a State

Effective governance requires recognizing the limits of state knowledge and the value of local insights.

From Seeing Like a State